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| German
Architecture- top
ten Nazi architecture Ehrentempel |
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architect |
Paul Ludwig Troost |
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location |
Munich, Germany. |
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date |
1935, destroyed by the Americans in 1947 as part of de-Nazification. Ironically, the destroyed overgrown plinthes that remain are a much more potent reminder of the past that the buildings were. |
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style |
Fascist Stripped Classical (German) |
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construction |
stone |
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monuments |
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| A view of the collapsed Honor Temples from a 1947 postcard - note also the remains of the bombed Braune Haus in the right background. (courtesy Roland Fogt) | |
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| Further modern views of the Ehrentempel
remains - on the left is the Ehrentempel beside the Verwaltungsbau, on the
right can be seen the Tempel foundations beside the Führerbau building.
(courtesy Ralf Hornberger). Special thanks to http://www.thirdreichruins.com/munich.htm |
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View from the south Ehrentempel to the north The Ehrentempel ("honor temples") were two structures, erected by the Nazis in 1935, housing the sacrophagi of the sixteen members of the party who had been killed in the failed Beer hall putsch. On January 9, 1947 the main architectual features of the temples were destroyed as part of denazification. The first memorial On November 8, 1933, Hitler addressed the party’s old guard at the Bürgerbräukeller (where the putsch had begun and the next day unveiled a small memorial with a plaque underneath at the south side of the Feldherrnhalle. Two policemen or the SS stood guard on either side of the memorial’s base and passers-by were required to give the Hitler salute. The inaugration In 1934 no commemorative march was made on the anniversary because of Hitler’s purge into the SA’s ranks in the Night of the Long Knives. The next year on November 8 the putschists were exhumed from their graves and taken to the Feldherrnhalle where they were placed beneath sixteen large pylons bearing their names. The next day, after Hitler had solemnly walked from one to the next, they were taken down the monument’s steps and taken on carts, draped in flags to Paul Ludwig Troost’s new Ehrentempel monuments at the Konigplatz, through streets lined with spectators bustling between 400 columns with eternal flames atop. Flags were lowered as veterans slowly and orderly placed the heavy sarcophagi into place. In each of the structures eight of the martyrs were interred in a sarcophagus bearing their name. The martyrs of the movement were in heavy black sarcophaguses in such a way as to be exposed to rain and sun from the open roof. When Gauleiter Adolf Wagner died from a stroke in 1944 he was interred metres away from the north temple in the adjacent grass mound in between the two temples. Features At the temples visitors were required to be silent, not wear hats and keep children from running over the centre of the temples. The Ehrentempel was made of limestone except for its roof which was made of steel and concrete with etched glass mosaics. The pedestals of the temples, which are the only parts remaining, are seventy feet wide. The columns of the structures each extended twenty-three feet. The combined weight of the sacrophagi was over 2,900 pounds. Post-war On July 5 1945 the American occupying army removed the bodies from the Ehrentempel and contacted their families. They were given the option of having their loved ones buried in Munich cemeteries in unmarked graves or their family plots or having them cremated, common practice in Germany for unclaimed bodies. The columns of the structures were recycled into brake shoes for municipal buses and new material for art galleries damaged in the war. The sarcophagi were melted down and given to the Munich tram service who used it for soldering material to repair rail and electrical lines damaged by the war. On January 9, 1947 the upper parts of the structures were blown up. The centre portion was subsequently partially filled in but often filled with rain water which created a natural memorial. When Germany was finally reunited plans were made for a biergarten, restaurant or café on the site of the Ehrentempel but these were derailed by the growth of rare biotope vegetation on the site. As a result of this the temples were spared complete destruction and the foundation bases of the monuments remain intersecting on the corner of Briennerstrasse and Arcisstrasse. In the intermittent period of the 1947 destruction and 1990 handover basements (hitherto unknown to the Americans) were uncovered beneath the structures. A small plaque added in 2007 explains their function. Internements Felix Alfarth Andreas Bauriedl Theodor Casella William Ehrlich Martin Faust Anton Hechenberger Adolf Hitler (Hitler states in his 1938 will that he wished to be buried in between the structures in a similar sarcophagus, later he changed his mind and wished to be buried in a separate but nearby mausoleum Oskar Körner Karl Kuhn Karl Laforce Kurt Neubauer Klaus von Pape Theodor von der Pfordten Johann Rickmers Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter Lorenz Ritter von Stransky Adolf Wagner (buried in the grass mound between steps in 1944) Wilhelm Wolf |
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links |
Munich
Documentation Centre for the History of National Socialism Special thanks to http://www.thirdreichruins.com/munich.htm |
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